While reading the instrument specification or electrical equipment specification you might have seen IP classes.IP is interpreted as Ingress protection.Ip calsses stands for specifying the environmental protection of electrical equipments. With ingression protection class we can understand, an instrument can withstand in which environmental condition. While selecting the instrument it is important to consider the ip class. Price of the instrument also varies according to their ip class.
IP class is represented with number. First digit of IP indicates how much the instrument is protected from dust. Second digit of the IP rating indicates how much the instrument is protected from water.
First digit of IP rating
0 = No protection
1 = Protected against touch by hands (>50mm)
2 = Protected against touch by fingers (>12mm)
3 = Protected against tools and wires (>2.5mm)
4 = Protected against tools and small wires (>1mm)
5 = Limited dust ingress protection
6 = Total dust ingress protection
Second digit of IP rating
0 = No protection
1 = Protected against condensation
2 = Protected against water spray < 15 degrees from vertical
3 = Protected against water spray < 60 degrees from vertical
4 = Protected against water spray from any direction
5 = Protected against low pressure water jets from any direction
6 = Protected against high pressure water jets from any direction
7 = Protected against immersion between 15cm and 1m depth
8 = Protected against long term immersion to a specified pressure
As an instrumentation engineer we have to do a lot of unit conversion. I got a very effective tool converting units. It is a not a software. It is an excel sheet. No need to install it but Microsoft office software must be installed in your computer for opening the tool.
Define all the process Variable and state their unit of measurement. ?
Flow: Any fluids or liquids flowing from one place to another place is called flow and it is defined as volume per unit of time at specified temperature and pressure .Conditions, is generally measured by positive-displacement or rate meters.
Pressure: It is defined as Force per unit Area. P = F/A
Units : bar, Pascal, kg / cm2, lb / in2.
Level: The height of the water column, liquid and powder etc., at the desired measurement of height between minimum level points to maximum level point is called level. The measurement principle is, head pressure method.
Units: Meters, mm, cm, percentage.
Temperature: It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called temperature.
Units : Degree Centigrade, Degree Fahrenheit, Degree Kelvin, Degree Rankin.
Quality: It deals with analysis.( pH, % CO2, % 02, Conductivity, Viscosity )
This topic is already(Piping and instrumentation diagram) discussed in instrumentpedia. But now I feel that more explanation is required on this topic.That is why I decided to write a detail post about it.
For reading a piping and instrumentation diagram someone should be very much familiar with the symbols.We can classify the instruments in to three large families.
1.Locally mounted instruments. 2.Instrument present in the front end. 3.Instrument present in the back end(Not accessible by operator. This class of instrument is located in the controller.
Each instrument is also identified by means of letters that describes its function as well as progressive numbers to ensure proper identification.
The first letter stands for the variable being measured.
Hi Engineers/Professionals While starting this blog my intention was to share the knowledge with the others.. But now I decided to change the strategy.. Now I am planning to help the fresh engineers by giving some tips about interviews and giving some frequently asked interview questions.. Hey guys, what is your opinion?. Let me know?
Now onwards there will be a separate section for instrumentation and electrical interview questions. I have lot of instrumentation study materials. I am ready to share all those things. I need opinion of you guys.
Share this page with your friends and colleagues. This blog is exclusively for Instrumentation, Electrical and Automation Engineers/Professionals. Cheers!!!
If you're a fan of comics, and you're probably not, then you would know that DC comics are completely re-booting their stories. Plots, histories, characters and everything else is being re-done just so they can get some extra scratch. Recently they released their first comic in their new universe; the new Justice League comic.
So. Here's basically how the first comic went.
Batman: "I am Batman." Green Lantern: "I automatically think I am superior to you." Batman: "I dislike your methods. Let's go visit Superman because of the plot." Green Lantern: "I still think you are a wimp. Oh look, it's Superman." Batman: "I am Batman."
Well, there you go. The first trailer for the new Spider-Man movie has gone live. I'm not too impressed by it, even though I love Spider-Man. Though, personally, I hardly ever read the comics. Maybe... twice. I've played the games, watched the cartoons, and saw the first three movies with Toby McGuire. Also, the toys. So many toys when I was a kid.
Now, back to the preview. Hmm... well, there is more focus on his past. The whole Parker-parents thing doesn't seem very suitable for the origin story. Although, I guess it will be necessary for him to develop his web fluid. The fluid is based off a scientific design Parker is able to complete after he gets his spider-powers. Probably because spiders have a natural instinct for creating their own web. Though, the more you think about it, the less sense it makes.
Then Gwen Stacy. Hot. Approved.
Then comes the parkour thing. It looks a lot like the Mirror's Edge game. The special effects producer must have played it recently with his kids.
The Peter Parker character seems a bit too cliche'- nerdy, though maybe he is where the cliche' comes from. Bla bla bla. I need more beer. Peace.
Short version of the review: I recommend it. Long version of the review: Below.
If you saw Ironman 1&2 and Thor, I would recommend you see this. If you plan on seeing the Avengers film next year, you have no goddamn reason to skip this movie. Otherwise you are missing the point itself. In fact, a piece of the major plot revolves around the very-shiny-and-mysterious cuboid seen in the post-credits scene of Thor.
Yeah, that thing. The Cosmic Cube. Have they flat-out said what this thing can do? I don't think the Captain America movie even knew what it was all about.
Now, time to prod this movie with a mocking stick. Also, look out for some spoilers below. I won't be descrete about this. The movie starts with Steve Rogers doing his thing; trying to fight for his US of the America. Some character exposition happens, some more things, and then we are introduced to his best-friend-and-eventually-sidekickish friend Bucky. Sorry girls, he doesn't wear a domino mask in this movie and he isn't 14. More character exposition happens, bla bla bla, just sit back and enjoy.
Then comes the super soldier treatment. In every commercial I have seen for this movie up until it's opening, we see Rogers actually grow inside the giant metal taning bed, which was a really nice touch. It showed progression into the man he would become. Instead, we get blinding light and then he steps out all big-blonge-and-beautiful. Mm.
Small thing that bothered me: they said that they were going to apply some serum to all of his major muscle groups. Then they only apply it to his biceps. Why didn't he walk out looking like a Tank from Left 4 Dead? A major hulk above the waist, and a tiny scarecrow of a man below.
After all of this, other things happen. A nice chase scene with only one car involved, Nazi submarines and more. The good stuff. A little humor in there too; which I love. There was a nice little bit where Rogers was chasing down a car using his Adonis-body-from-five-minutes-ago, and he is so unfamiliar with his new form he accidentally turns too hard and crashes into a building. Brilliant.
Bla bla bla. More stuff happens. Captain America gets three costumes in this movie, all of which are either ridiculously hilarious or down-right badass. Though, to be fair, the second is really a composite of the first and some stolen military gear.
Then some shields happen, and the rest of the movie spends 40% of the screen time with that damn thing in the screen.
Then he gets a badass motorcycle that does some tricky-awesome things straight out of Twisted Metal.
Damn, I need to wrap this up. Uh.
Hydra was awesome. Instead of just being a straight parallel to the Nazi army, they are the super devious research and development branch of the Nazi regime that eventually spirals out of control. Their weapons are devastating and everything has a nice blue neon trim. Though their salute is downright humorous.
Then Captain America and his rag-tag group of mercinary-soldiers of fortune crash the party and look damn good doing it. However, this is all in montage. I guess the videogames can pick up that slack, but damn, I would have loved to see them crush even more Nazi heads.
Also more shield.
Then more character development, some credits roll, and you see pure Marvel magik.
I misspelled that correctly, yes.
Here is my theory for why everyone loves this: Steve Rogers represents the typical, under-physically-developed fan who wishes they were as big and strong as their favorite heroes. Instead of going to the gym and working up to that stature, Rogers gets it within a span of five minutes. Who wouldn't want that? What a slacker.
Here is a link to my quick and thorough review of the movie on youtube.
In previous posts i have explained about electrical drawings, electrical panel component etc.. For smooth working of motor which is connected to the mcc panel, cable size selection has an important role. We have to consider lot of things for selecting a proper cable, like motor rating (Kilowatt,Horse power),Voltage(230v, 415 v etc.),Phase(Single, 3 phase),Temperature, Distance between motor and mcc.
Before that i will expalin how to find out the cable current rating.
1.Incoming suppy cable rating.
Motor Full load current * 1.2 2.Inside cables – Motor circuit cable rating. Motor full load current * 0.7
Now you will be having a doubt how to find out the full load current of a motor?
Formula for finding full load current of a motor.
3 phase: Full load current=(746*hp)/(1.732*V*pf*eff) or KW/(1.732*v*pf*eff) hp=horse power v =Voltage pf=Power factor ef=efficiency 1 hp=745.7 W=0.746 kw
Single phase motor Full load current table [Horse power,Kilo watt]
Three phase motot Full load current table [Horse power,Kilo watt]
How could I possibly forget to make a review of X-Men: First Class?
Oh yeah, finals. That's why. So shut up.
If you don't want to read this, I have a video summary on my youtube page here. And here:
Basically, I enjoyed this movie. I laughed. I loved. I had one or two emotions throughout. Michael Fassbender as Erik / Magneto was amazing. Paired with James McAvoy as Xavier, you have a winning combination If only they were the only two characters in the film, then maybe things would have been more impressive Sadly not.
The students/mutants they recruited were... interesting. Banshee was a must-have, so kudos to that. Havok? Clearly an allusion to Cyclops who was actually a member of the first class in the comics, but due to continuity they couldnt' have Cyc in the movie. (Even though they broke some continuity later on.)
Angel was also an original member; remember that winged dude in X3? Yeah, that was the original Angel. Instead they took a pixie-stripper and slapped the same name on her. Who would know, right?
Also, Mystique was hot. Not the blue-stique, but the actress who played the human disguise. Jennifer Lawrenece:
A lovely girl.
As for the rest of the movie, it was fun. It wasn't too serious, it wasn't even too good, but it felt pretty darn 60's and light hearted.
Also, the montages. Oooh, the montages. So fun. So good. Excellent cameo in there as well.
Anyway, I am drunk and must go get drunker. Go see the movie. See you next time when I talk about Green Lantern.
Though on a final note, why bother sticking to some continuity of you're going to kill more of it towards the end? Whatever. Fox can't make a movie like Marvel Studios can.
P.S., don't bother staying through the credits. Nothing to see at the end.
MCC stands for motor control center. It consists of feeders for motors and blowers. Feeders are designed according to the motor rating. In most of the MCCs, auto/manual provision will be there. With manual provision motors can be operated manually. In auto provision external signal is required to start the motor. The signal is given by the control panel. Indicators for the motor operation also will be present in control panel.
Control panel consist of a controller. Controller may be PLC, DCS, relay or some other type. It gives digital signal input signal to the MCC panel to start the motor. Control panel works based on the PLC /DCS program or the relay logic. Instruments are normally connected to control panel. Indications for the interlocks also will be there in control panel. Nowadays single panel is used of using separate control and MCC panel.
Overview: Control panel giving start command to motor through MCC
In one of the previous post in instrumentpedia I have described how to read an electrical drawing. Now lets look what is electrical relay diagram. Here I am giving the standard symbols used for the electrical relay diagram. In earlier days instead of PLC or DCS like controllers relays are used as controllers. Nowadays also for controlling small systems relays are using as controllers. Comparing to other controllers it is very cheap. Electrical control circuits are drawn with the standard symbols which are given below.
Components used for making a electrical control circuit and its standard symbols.
I saw the midnight release of the Thor movie, which is now out in most theaters.
Long review short, I enjoyed it. I didn't fall in love with it like I did Ironman, and I didn't detest it. Perhaps I am biased. I am a superhero fan, and would most likely have a somewhat lower opinion if I was not.
Though, as I said, I enjoyed it. I was entertained. Ultimately that is the point of movies. There was plenty of action, plenty of laughs, and enough special effects to make you say "whoa, what the shit" repeatedly. Although the camera movement was a little too fast for my taste, blurring out a good portion of the fight scenes.
Also eye candy. Mostly for the women, but still. They give you Natalie Portman, so stop complaining. Honestly, her acting could have been much worse. I guess that's a high point? The movie throws you in at a comfortable starting point, and introduces the characters and backstory at a relative pace. You don't have to be a comic fan to understand what's going on, which is exactly what they were going for.
Then you get some cool fighting scenes, with giant face-lasers, a giant ice-themed Rancor and a bunch of blue people from Avatar.
[If you want to keep the movie a surprise, I would stop reading about here.]
After that some plot is thrown your way, and Thor is exiled to Earth (a.k.a Midgard). For a day. This is ridiculous to me; after a couple thousand years being Thor, the god of thunder who has had dozens of lifetimes to develop a concrete persona, he becomes a humble man and changes his outlook. It must have been something at that Denny's diner. Probably the pancakes. Or maybe Natalie Portman as Jane Foster is just that hot. (Hint: no.) He probably fell in love with the bars. I have no apathy for New Mexico. Not even people who live there are fond of it! So why would Thor?
Ultimately, if you have the $10 to shell out for a movie, I would say go for it. Did you seen Ironman? The sequel? Yes? Good. Then you will enjoy this, and you will most likely enjoy the upcoming Captain America movie.
Different types of meters are used in the MCC panel for indicating the status of the panel.Mainly three types of meters are used. Ammeter, Volt meter, Watt meter, Energy meter. Analog and Digital type meters are using nowadays.
Ammeter
Instrument used for measuring the current flow in the circuit is called ammeter. It should be connected series to the circuit .
Analog ammeter
Digital ammeter
Voltmeter
Instrument used for measuring the voltage across in the circuit is called voltmeter. It should be connected paralled to the circuit.
Analog volt meter
Digital volt meter
Wattmeter
Energy meter
This is also called as a watt-hour meter. Energy meter is used for measurinh the energy consumed in a circuit.
Or maybe it's called Scout Crossing. I'm still not very sure on the title; it's not perfectly advertised. Either way, this is a webcomic I just came across the other day. Created by Scott Fergus, the mastermind behind Nerf This and other works, I like to think of it as an alternative-trendy take on the Scott Pilgrim mythos. (Have we decided it has it's own mythos yet? Is there a council to decide that?)
I have always been an admirer of Fergus' art style, and I believe he has discovered the perfect culture to integrate it with. The story began off a little confusing for me, but soon enough I filled in all of my holes of misunderstanding. It begins with the classic "hiding of the hero" and the typical "call to action" you children learned about in high school English class. Except when Scout is called into action, he begins to punch polar bears and make explosions with his sweet sleeve tattoos. Yes, magical flower-bomb-tattoos are the source of his power. Which, frankly, is awesome. I have never been a fan of ink myself, but after only a hour of reading this story I was seriously reconsidering my views. There are also cute girls, music jokes and a murder mystery. Stop reading what I'm typing and go read it for yourself. Page one is right here. Dangerously Scene updates once a week; twice if we all are lucky.
Is it just me, or does a female character like this appear in all of his works?
It's brilliantly written, amazingly hilarious and is a polished parody about a past generation of animated series. I remember when I was young, I would watch shows like the original Scooby-Doo and shows like Johnny Quest and the various Superhero shows. Classic Cartoon Network, you know. They were more or less what my parents grew up on; or at least watched ironically. Then my best friend shared this beauty of a show with me. It was violent, cruel and held a sarcastic mirror up to that television history. Mostly I stayed for the violence. Ultimately I fell in love with the theme of the show; failure. The show is about what happens to our heroes of yesteryear when life throws them a hardball and beats them down. We've all been there. Part of the original core of comedy is tragedy; we laugh when others fall. Comedy is pretty dark and sadistic if you think about it. At least the good humor is; mom-and-pop humor from the cold war isn't exactly entertaining any more, if it ever was.
I almost came when I heard The Venture Bros. was renewed for a new season.
Today we decide to clean up our school workshop. We found 3 rusty bench drill maybe 12-15 years old. Colecting dust for 10 years already. I don't know. We decide to transform them into useable item before 2.00 pm. Guess what?
Amazing Job guys.
Sept 28, 2012
School break coming soon, We start to plan the next new project for more professional quality simulator. Here is the 30% finish drawing.
May 28 2012
If you have a problem to download (as reported) you can e-mail me. thank you.
May 13th 2012
Budu 2dof v1.5 a.k.a Kubing 2dof v1.5 uploaded. Budu is the codename for this project when it first release 2 years ago. You can use same hardware schematic v1.4. For educational use only. read Disclaimer first. You can use Kubing 2dof v1.5.hex as inverted pendulum controller if you like (stand alone without PC). Good luck!!---kubing
Windows take about 2.09 milisecond to send 8 bit binary signal to controller at 19200 baudrate. even with pause = 1 ms on USO software. That is the Windows hardware restriction for uart communiaction.
April 15th 2012
Fix a few bugs in Budu 2dof v1.4. So the next release of Budu 2dof v1.5 will be here soon. Download link not available until the next release of firmware. Thank you for support and email. We are planning to start a new project to make it usable with android phone and tablet very soon.
Dec 20th 2011
Here is my version of joystik/panel controller
figure 1-1
PCBcircuitfigure 1-1 was createdusingEagleLayoutEditorthat can bedownloadedfor freefrom CADSoft. However,thisprojectused twolayerpcbautomatically generatedusing this software. There is still roomfor improvementto makethe bestcontroller. by adding a fewexpanderportin the near future. Expanderportis a type ofchipsproduced by theMicrochipcompanythat is ableto addup to16bitswitch.wecan connectthischipusingSPIorI2C. imagine ifitis connected to8chipexpanderwe get8x16=128switchescan becontrolledseparately.Separatemeanswe do not needa diode or amatrixcolumnrowsystem.each switchwill be controlledbyaseparatebit. whether thetoggleswitchorpushbuttonswitch.
Rotaryencoder, widelyknown asa shaftencoder, is anelectro-mechanical devicethat convertsthe angular positionormovementto digital.Incremental encoderoutputprovides informationabout the motionof the shaftisusuallyprocessedelsewherein theinformation such asspeed, distance, RPM, andposition. Inflighttherotaryencoderis usedin theautopilotcontroller, radio communicationand so on.For nowBuduFsx1643hasfourrotaryencoderinputonly.Andwill be addedto the16 channelaccording to current needs. I use therotaryencoderEC16B2410408ALPSbrandavailable atRScomponentorElement14store. In additionBuduFsx1643has 16digitalinputsand3analoginput. Thischiphasan analoginput12bitresolution or 4095 step.
I haveLogitechGTwheelwhich only hasthrottleandbrakepedals. sowith3analoginputsofthiscontroller. I cantake advantageof itto builda clutchpedalwith12bitresolution.
The Figure 1-2a shows a 2dofv1.4project. It use USBconnectiondirectlywithout anyconverterchipsuchasFTDIorMAX232. Itis the result ofveryextensivecodemodificationsfromthe originalproject. ThisprojectusesPIC18f2550and someother components.Veryeasy tobuildand requires only30minutes tosolder. There arethreevariableresistorwhich is usedto adjustProportional, IntergralandDerivative. Included with twoLEDsonboard. red lightindicatesa connectionestablishedand theblueledto showincomingdata.I thinka simplecircuitwill reduce therisk ofconnectionerrors.
As I havestatedall theMCUrequiresspecialprogrammingtoolsto enable us to burn the code intoits memory.Iusuallyusepickit3oricd3. you can also make your ownprogrammerif you havetime, but are advised tobuyat anyelectronicsstorelikemouserorrscomponent. USBprogrammerfor as low asUSD20is10times better than theDIYprogrammer.Do notmisunderstand. Because thisis onlybased on my experience. Try to repair theconnectionofthe DIYprogrammerthatdoes not workfor daysisnot worth it.
PID algorithm inside kubing controller
What is PID? Old day technology use On Off switching to control the system. The on-off controller is the easiest possible way of control. Many technical systems use it, not limited to controlling a motor. Refrigerator, heater, water pump usually use this system. But more complicated system its not going to work as we aspect by using this technique. The idea behind feedback control is very simple. We have a target speed, specified by the user or the computer program, and we have the current actual speed, measured by the sensor (hall, encoder, pot, etc). Measurements and actions according to the measurements can be taken very frequently(t).
The easiest way of control is not always the end of the story. A more sophisticated of controller and industry standard is the PID controller. It base on proportional, an integral, and a derivative control part. The controller parts are introduced in the following sections individually and in combined operation.
Proportional is the simplest term. The error is multiplied by the proportional gain,The amount of correction applied to the system is directly proportional to the error.
Integral term is calculate the "historic" error in the system in fixed period of time. How long the motor need to move from point A to B? How to set the timer overflow in microcontroller is not as easy as in P and D term. If we set the timer overflow too fast from what they need to compensate the error and the system will not going to stable. The integral gain must be thoroughly tested before implementation to any PID systems. Its not as simple as I term = gain * sum.
The idea for the I controller is to reduce the steady-state error of the P controller. With an additional integral term, this steady-state error can be reduced to zero.
I math in C code (embedded) 3 e_fungsi = v_target - v_drive; 4 z_motor = r_old + Kp*(e_fungsi - e_old) + Ki*(e_func+e_old)/2;
Derivative term is based on the rate at which the system is changing. Sometime it can be extremely aggressive when it is acting on the error of the system. In my case I make it adjustable to reduce the aggressiveness of this term. Similar to the I controller, the D controller (derivative controller) is rarely used by itself, but mostly in combination with the P or PI controller. The idea for adding a derivative term is to speed up the P controller’s response to a change of input
Understanding DOF in simulation system (long story short)
In three dimensions, the six DOFs of a rigid body are sometimes described using these names:
Moving up and down (heaving) = The yawing along the vertical Z-axis;
Moving left and right (swaying);
Moving forward and backward (surging) = Rolling along the longitudinal X-axis;
Tilting forward and backward (pitching) = Sway along the lateral Y-axis.;
Turning left and right (yawing);
Tilting side to side (rolling).
Sept 9th 2011
Figure 1-3
The Green board on Figure 1-3 is pololu motor driver. It has the VNH2SP30-E chip full bridge motor driver intended for a wide range of automotive applications. The device incorporates a dual monolithic High-Side drivers and two Low-Side switches. The High-Side driver switch is designed using STMicroelectronic’s well known and proven proprietary VIPower™ M0 technology that allows to efficiently integrate on the same die a true Power MOSFET with an intelligent signal/ protection circuitry. This package, specifically designed for the harsh automotive environment offers improved thermal performance thanks to exposed die pads. Moreover, its fully symmetrical mechanical design allows superior manufacturability at board level. The input signals INA and INB can directly interface to the microcontroller to select the motor direction and the brake condition.
Sept 7th 2011
Finally Kubing 2DOF with USB CDC (virtual com) done. Using a PIC18F2550. Instruction shown below are for Windows Vista. Just Follow a yellow guide for setup.
Kubing 2dof USB Setup finish. Sometime X-sim can't detect virtual comm so you need to manually add "\com1" or "\comx" in the listbox above.
Kubing 2dof V1.3b (June 9th 2011) The new and improve version come with status Rx led and much faster motor respond. Its should work well without limit switch.
*Gear indicator with F1 style rpm indicator for rfactor MMG..code and schematic Uploaded. Click here
The derivative term is crucial in order to bring the inherently unstable system into stability. In any PID control the derivative terms acts as an anticipator. By checking the current error against the previous error, the controller can tell if the error term is getting bigger or smaller. If the error term is getting larger, the derivative term adds to the output of the controller much like that of the proportional and integral terms, but to a lesser effect. If the error term is getting smaller, this term will subtract from the output of the control in anticipation of an overshoot condition. Without the derivative term the system will always be unstable because there is no way to compensate for the overshoot condition. **********************************************************************************
KUBING 2DOF V1.1 (March 31th 2011)
After a month of testing and tuning on my inverted pendulum buggy I have found that by adding suppression caps to the POTs will drastically reduce the noise problem. This update applicable to all pots in my schematic. But only VR1 and VR2 shown.
.jpg)
